Solid-phase extraction (SPE) method development starts with knowing the sample matrix or application, the nature and relative concentration of the analytes of interest, and the potentially interfering endogenous compounds. Then, judicious choices of sorbent and solvents for load, wash, and elution steps create rugged, reliable, and selective protocols.
The bioanalytical community faces unique challenges, such as: the need to maximize sensitivity, increase throughput, and develop new, robust methods that can be transferred to laboratories across the globe.
An aqueous matrix solvent includes biological fluids such as: plasma, serum, urine, and tissue homogenates. Strong acids achieve complete ionization or dissociation in water. If an analyte is 'strong' it will always be charged. An example of a strong acid includes decanesulfonic acid. Strong acids will have a lower pKa than weaker acids.
An aqueous matrix solvent includes biological fluids such as: plasma, serum, urine, and tissue homogenates. The majority of acids are weak acids. Acids do not dissociate completely in water. They are usually not charged at pH < 3 and are ionized at pH> 7. Weak acids will have a higher pKa value than strong acids. Examples of weak acids include ketoprofen and salicylic acid.
An aqueous matrix solvent includes biological fluids such as: plasma, serum, urine, and tissue homogenates. Strong bases achieve a complete dissociation in water and are always charged. Strong bases include valethamate and other quaternary amines.
An aqueous matrix solvent includes biological fluids such as plasma, serum, urine, and tissue homogenates. Weak bases achieve partial dissociation in water. Weak bases are generally positively charged at pH < 3 and are uncharged at pH > 12. Weak bases include codeine, methadone, and amitriptyline.
An aqueous matrix solvent includes biological fluids such as: plasma, serum, urine, and tissue homogenates. Neutral compounds are uncharged or very weakly charged. Examples of neutral compounds include many steroids.
The selective extraction of peptides from other endogenous biological components is one of the most challenging sample preparation tasks. The use of highly selective mixed mode solid phase extraction can help ensure that you extract the peptide with high recovery and low matrix effects.
Forensic toxicology labs are frequently required to perform broad screening techniques on complex biological samples to identify drugs of abuse and other toxicants. The utilization of different sample matrices in routine testing combined with the variety, number and concentration of potential compounds of interest in a sample can present a considerable challenge.
The analysis of natural and synthetic opioid drugs continues to be an important aspect of forensic toxicology. LC-MS/MS allows direct analysis of glucuronide metabolites without hydrolysis that is necessary with GC-MS techniques. Solid phase extraction allows concentration of the analytes of interest, as well as the removal of matrix interferences leading to more accurate results.
Cannabinoids represent a growing challenge for law enforcement agencies and forensic laboratories. Finding new, fast and effective means of analyzing both natural and synthetic cannabinoids requires the successful extraction of a broad range of chemical properties from a variety of matrices.
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) method development starts with knowing the sample matrix or application, the nature and relative concentration of the analytes of interest, and the potentially interfering endogenous compounds. Then, judicious choices of sorbent and solvents for load, wash, and elution steps create rugged, reliable, and selective protocols.
Residues are monitored in food and feed for safety issues in consumption. Pesticides are monitored in the environment mainly to ensure drinking water quality.
These two classes of pesticide compounds are environmentally regulated by the EPA in soil and water. The monitoring these contaminants in food is also important.
Many of these pesticides are illegal for current use and multi-residue screening method may not be the most suitable for the analysis of these compounds in food.
These three classes of pesticide compounds are environmentally regulated by the EPA in soil and water. The monitoring of these compounds is also important in food.
A compound-specific method for this pesticide has garnered interest lately due to potential environmental impact within the bee population.
This class of pesticide compounds is environmentally regulated by the EPA in soil and water. The monitoring of this contaminant is also important in food.
Sulfonamides and Beta-lactams are commonly used as veterinary antibiotics
Laboratories employ multi-residue methods to speed up results and meet regulatory requirements. These methods can be used for general screening or quantitation.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. POPs have been observed to persist in the environment, to bioaccumulate in human tissue, animal tissue, and food chains. They can have a potentially significant impact on human health and the environment. Many of these compounds are endocrine disruptors.
Labs employ multi class methods in order to speed up results and meet regulatory requirements. Can be used for general screening or quantitation.
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are organobromide compounds that have an inhibitory effect on the ignition of combustible organic materials. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are the most common class of BFRs. The impact of BFRs on the environment and their potential risks for animals and humans is a growing concern. Food and water contaminated with flame retardants is a source of exposure.
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are organobromide compounds that have an inhibitory effect on the ignition of combustible organic materials. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are the most common class of BFRs. The impact of BFRs on the environment and their potential risks for animals and humans is a growing concern. Exposure to flame retardants occurs mainly through inhalation or ingestion of dust. Exposure from dermal contact with contaminated soil and dust may also occur.
Fish consumption appears to be a major pathway of exposure. Soil contamination is also important because residues may leach into groundwater or surface water.
Polychlorinated biphenyls were formerly used in as hydraulic fluids, plasticizers, adhesives, fire retardants, and various other uses. Drinking water containing PCBs can affect skin, thymus gland, immune, reproductive, or nervous systems, and may increase the risk of cancer.
Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are worldwide spread, persistent, toxic, and have a bioaccumulative potential. People are exposed through food, water, or from using commercial products. Some PFCs stay in the human body for many years.
Pharmaceuticals /Personal Care Products (PPCPs) include: prescription and over-the counter therapeutic drugs, veterinary drugs, fragrances, cosmetics, sun-screen products, diagnostic agents, and nutraceuticals.
Sources of PPCPs are human activity, residues from pharmaceutical manufacturing, residues from hospitals, illicit drugs, veterinary drug use, especially antibiotics and steroids.
Disinfectant phenolics may impact surface and groundwwater.
Residues are monitored in food and feed for safety issues in consumption. Pesticides are monitored in the environment to ensure drinking water quality.
Veterinary drug residues are monitored in food and feed for safety issues in consumption. These drugs are monitored in the environment mainly to ensure drinking water quality.
Sulfonamides and Beta-lactams are common use veterinary antibiotics.
Steroids are used as the main treatment for certain inflammatory conditions as well as growth regulation.
Fluoroquinolones are antibiotics that are commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat a variety of illnesses such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.
Aminoglycosides are potent bactericidal antibiotic active against aerobic, gram-negative bacteria.
NSAIDs are a class of drugs that provides analgesic (pain-killing) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects, and in higher doses, anti-inflammatory effects.
Macrolides are a class of naturally occurring antibiotics. Their action is primarily bacteriostatic.
The tetracyclines are a group of very broad-spectrum antibiotics. They are all structurally related.
To determine contaminant (i.e. melamine, explosives) levels/traces of diagnosis materials or synthesize drugs (radio isotopes), perform water removal, biomolecule analysis, or air quality control, a large variety of applications are carried out in the industry and medical field.
Removing residual water is critical to facilitate the evaporation process (if required), moreover any residual water in the final extract would be detrimental to good GC performance.
Air sampling for carbonele compounds for compliance with EPA and OSHA regulations.
Testing for explosive analytes in environmental water samples, as per EPA method
An industrial chemical to artificially inflate nitrogen content in foodstuffs, including pet food, infant formula, and milk/milk by-products. Matrix may include foodstuffs, tissue, urine, etc.
Used for the removal of sugar from organic extracts such as QuEChERS.
Many chemical elements have one or more radioactive isotopes, few are naturally occuring, the rest are artificial. Radioactive isotopes have many useful applications (medicine, industry). In medicine, radioisotopes are increasingly being used as a diagnosis tool (immaging). Tracers are radioactive isotopes introduced into the body to study metabolism or other biological processes.
The Sample Preparation Product Advisor recommends the most appropriate sample extraction device depending on the application requirements you need to consider. Click on the appropriate tab and move your mouse on the left hand side table to reveal the corresponding application in the middle of the screen.
Polymeric based solid-phase extraction (SPE) products can provide many benefits over traditional silica based products. These benefits, such as a wider pH range and increased water-wettability, can make them easier to use in method development.
Oasis Sample Extraction Products deliver unmatched purity, consistency and quality in their sample analysis. Oasis polymeric products provide consistent retention and capacity - even if the sorbent dries out. Oasis Sorbents are available in 5 different solid-phase extraction (SPE) chemistries, providing a range of options for method development.
This water-wettable polymeric sorbent, with a unique hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, maintains high retention and capacity for all compound classes. This sorbent is not susceptible to drying out effects and is stable in organic solvents
This mixed-mode, water-wettable, polymeric sorbent uses both reversed-phase and strong anion-exchange retention mechanisms. Selective for acids, this sorbent is not susceptible to drying out effects and is stable in organic solvents.
This mixed-mode, water-wettable, polymeric sorbent uses both reversed-phase and strong cation-exchange retention mechanisms. Highly selective for bases, this sorbent is not susceptible to drying out effects and stable in organic solvents.
This mixed-mode, water-wettable, polymeric sorbent uses both reversed-phase and weak anion-exchange retention mechanisms. Used to retain and release strong acids, this sorbent is not susceptible to drying out effects and is stable in organic solvents.
This mixed-mode, water-wettable, polymeric sorbent uses both reversed-phase and weak cation-exchange retention mechanisms. Used to retain and release strong bases, this sorbent is not susceptible to drying out effects and is stable in organic solvents.
Silica based solid-phase extraction (SPE) products have a long history and have been widely used thoughout literature.
Sep-Pak solid-phase extraction (SPE) products have a long history and have been widely used thoughout literature. They provide specific solutions for sample cleanup in many different application areas.
Alumina is highly surface-active polar sorbent with three varieties; acidic [A], neutral [N], and basic [B] sorbents. Acidic and basic alumina are also low-capacity ion exchangers in aqueous media, unaffected by high-energy radioactivity.
Sep-Pak Amino Propyl (NH2) Sorbent is a moderately polar, silica-based bonded phase with weakly basic surface. The sorbent can be used as a polar sorbent with different selectivity for acidic/basic analytes or as a weak anion exchanges in aqueous medium below pH 8. Applications include extraction of phenols and phenolic pigments, petroleum fractionation, saccharides and drugs and metabolites.
Sep-Pak C18 Sorbent is a hydrophobic, reversed-phase, silica-based bonded phase that is used to adsorb analytes of even weak hydrophobicity from aqueous solutions. The Sep-Pak C18 Sorbent is made using the most reproducible bonding technology available, utilizing monofunctional silane chemistry. This sorbent offers a unique selectivity and excellent recovery of analytes, and is recommended as a general purpose SPE phase for both polar and non-polar analytes. Typical applications include extraction of drugs and their metabolites in serum, plasma or urine, desalting of peptides, isolation of trace organics in environmental water samples and organic acids in beverages.
Silica-based bonded phase with moderate hydrophobicity; use for methods requiring less retention than C18.
Silica-based bonded phase with strong hydrophobicity; trifunctional bonding chemistry gives it an increased hydrolytic stabilty; applications similar to C18.
Sep-Pak PSA (primary-secondary amine) Sorbent is uniquely versatile, exhibiting selectivity for normal-phase, weak anion-exchange, and HILIC applications. The two amine groups in the primary and secondary positions give the Sep-Pak PSA Sorbent increased ion-exchange capacity and improved retention.
Florisil is an extremely polar sorbent that is a blend of magnesium oxide and silica gel. This highly active and weakly basic sorbent is used to adsorb low to moderate polarity species from non-aqueous solutions. Florisil is commonly used for pesticide analysis in many AOAC, EPA, and JPMHLW regulated methods for food and environmental samples
A polar stationary phase, used primarily to adsorb analytes from non-polar solvents like hydrocarbons, chloro- or fluoro-substituted hydrocarbons or less polar esters and ethers. Analyte retention can occur through hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions or in aqueous samples through cation-exchange.
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) designed to meet the challenges in specific application areas.
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) designed to meet the challenges in specific application areas.
Sep-Pak Accell Plus QMA Sorbent is silica-based, hydrophilic, strong anion-exchanger with a large pore size (300Å). The sorbent is designed for extraction of anionic analytes in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions.
This product has a two-layer sorbent bed. Typical applications include pesticide clean-up from food matrices. Particularly useful for removing coloring from samples before to GC analysis.
This acidified dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent coated on silica sorbent can be used for collection of air samples. Aldehydes and ketones react in situ to form hydrazone derivatives; these are then eluted and quantitated by HPLC analysis.
This potassium iodide cartridge is used in series with Sep-Pak DNPH and XPoSure Aldehyde Sampler Cartridges to remove ozone interferences.
Specially cleaned polymeric poly(divinylbenzene-vinylpyrrolidone) resin with hydrophobic character. Can be used as an alternative to octadecyl-bonded silica for preparation of analytes that weakly adsorb to silica-based reversed-phase sorbents. Compatible with sample or eluents at high and low pH. Specifically designed for the concentration of high explosives in aqueous samples.
Waters Sep-Pak Dry Cartridges are packed with 2.85 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate. These cartridges are designed to remove residual water from the SPE extract.
This product has acidified dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent coated on silica sorbent and it can be used for collection of air samples. Aldehydes and ketones react in situ to form hydrazone derivatives; these are then eluted and quantitated by HPLC analysis. This sorbent also has a larger particle size optimized for low-pressure personal air monitors.
This product has very hydrophobic copolymer (Styrene-DVB) sorbent designed for multi-residue pesticide analysis in water samples.
DisQuE Products are used for multi-pesticide residue analyses in food. Prepackaged centrifuge tubes and pouches containing salts and sorbents have different chemistries and weights. DisQuE Products are used for QuEChERS methods that employ a combination of salting out LLE and matrix dispersion extraction.
Polymeric based solid-phase extraction (SPE) products can provide many benefits over traditional silica based products. These benefits, such as a wider pH range and increased water-wettability, can make them easier to use in method development.
Oasis Sample Extraction Products deliver unmatched purity, consistency and quality in their sample analysis. Oasis polymeric products provide consistent retention and capacity - even if the sorbent dries out. Oasis Sorbents are available in 5 different solid-phase extraction (SPE) chemistries, providing a range of options for method development.
This water-wettable polymeric sorbent, with a unique hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, maintains high retention and capacity for all compound classes. This sorbent is not susceptible to drying out effects and is stable in organic solvents
This mixed-mode, water-wettable, polymeric sorbent uses both reversed-phase and strong anion-exchange retention mechanisms. Selective for acids, this sorbent is not susceptible to drying out effects and is stable in organic solvents.
This mixed-mode, water-wettable, polymeric sorbent uses both reversed-phase and strong cation-exchange retention mechanisms. Highly selective for bases, this sorbent is not susceptible to drying out effects and stable in organic solvents.
This mixed-mode, water-wettable, polymeric sorbent uses both reversed-phase and weak anion-exchange retention mechanisms. Used to retain and release strong acids, this sorbent is not susceptible to drying out effects and is stable in organic solvents.
This mixed-mode, water-wettable, polymeric sorbent uses both reversed-phase and weak cation-exchange retention mechanisms. Used to retain and release strong bases, this sorbent is not susceptible to drying out effects and is stable in organic solvents.
Silica based solid-phase extraction (SPE) products have a long history and have been widely used thoughout literature.
Sep-Pak solid-phase extraction (SPE) products have a long history and have been widely used thoughout literature. They provide specific solutions for sample cleanup in many different application areas.
Alumina is highly surface-active polar sorbent with three varieties; acidic [A], neutral [N], and basic [B] sorbents. Acidic and basic alumina are also low-capacity ion exchangers in aqueous media, unaffected by high-energy radioactivity.
Sep-Pak Amino Propyl (NH2) Sorbent is a moderately polar, silica-based bonded phase with weakly basic surface. The sorbent can be used as a polar sorbent with different selectivity for acidic/basic analytes or as a weak anion exchanges in aqueous medium below pH 8. Applications include extraction of phenols and phenolic pigments, petroleum fractionation, saccharides and drugs and metabolites.
Sep-Pak C18 Sorbent is a hydrophobic, reversed-phase, silica-based bonded phase that is used to adsorb analytes of even weak hydrophobicity from aqueous solutions. The Sep-Pak C18 Sorbent is made using the most reproducible bonding technology available, utilizing monofunctional silane chemistry. This sorbent offers a unique selectivity and excellent recovery of analytes, and is recommended as a general purpose SPE phase for both polar and non-polar analytes. Typical applications include extraction of drugs and their metabolites in serum, plasma or urine, desalting of peptides, isolation of trace organics in environmental water samples and organic acids in beverages.
Silica-based bonded phase with moderate hydrophobicity; use for methods requiring less retention than C18.
Silica-based bonded phase with strong hydrophobicity; trifunctional bonding chemistry gives it an increased hydrolytic stabilty; applications similar to C18.
Sep-Pak PSA (primary-secondary amine) Sorbent is uniquely versatile, exhibiting selectivity for normal-phase, weak anion-exchange, and HILIC applications. The two amine groups in the primary and secondary positions give the Sep-Pak PSA Sorbent increased ion-exchange capacity and improved retention.
Florisil is an extremely polar sorbent that is a blend of magnesium oxide and silica gel. This highly active and weakly basic sorbent is used to adsorb low to moderate polarity species from non-aqueous solutions. Florisil is commonly used for pesticide analysis in many AOAC, EPA, and JPMHLW regulated methods for food and environmental samples
A polar stationary phase, used primarily to adsorb analytes from non-polar solvents like hydrocarbons, chloro- or fluoro-substituted hydrocarbons or less polar esters and ethers. Analyte retention can occur through hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions or in aqueous samples through cation-exchange.
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) designed to meet the challenges in specific application areas.
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) designed to meet the challenges in specific application areas.
Sep-Pak Accell Plus QMA Sorbent is silica-based, hydrophilic, strong anion-exchanger with a large pore size (300Å). The sorbent is designed for extraction of anionic analytes in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions.
This product has a two-layer sorbent bed. Typical applications include pesticide clean-up from food matrices. Particularly useful for removing coloring from samples before to GC analysis.
This acidified dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent coated on silica sorbent can be used for collection of air samples. Aldehydes and ketones react in situ to form hydrazone derivatives; these are then eluted and quantitated by HPLC analysis.
This potassium iodide cartridge is used in series with Sep-Pak DNPH and XPoSure Aldehyde Sampler Cartridges to remove ozone interferences.
Specially cleaned polymeric poly(divinylbenzene-vinylpyrrolidone) resin with hydrophobic character. Can be used as an alternative to octadecyl-bonded silica for preparation of analytes that weakly adsorb to silica-based reversed-phase sorbents. Compatible with sample or eluents at high and low pH. Specifically designed for the concentration of high explosives in aqueous samples.
Waters Sep-Pak Dry Cartridges are packed with 2.85 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate. These cartridges are designed to remove residual water from the SPE extract.
This product has acidified dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent coated on silica sorbent and it can be used for collection of air samples. Aldehydes and ketones react in situ to form hydrazone derivatives; these are then eluted and quantitated by HPLC analysis. This sorbent also has a larger particle size optimized for low-pressure personal air monitors.
This product has very hydrophobic copolymer (Styrene-DVB) sorbent designed for multi-residue pesticide analysis in water samples.
DisQuE Products are used for multi-pesticide residue analyses in food. Prepackaged centrifuge tubes and pouches containing salts and sorbents have different chemistries and weights. DisQuE Products are used for QuEChERS methods that employ a combination of salting out LLE and matrix dispersion extraction.
The Sample Preparation Product Advisor recommends the most appropriate sample extraction device depending on the application requirements you need to consider. Click on the appropriate tab and move your mouse on the left hand side table to reveal the corresponding application in the middle of the screen.
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) method development starts with knowing the sample matrix or application, the nature and relative concentration of the analytes of interest, and the potentially interfering endogenous compounds. Then, judicious choices of sorbent and solvents for load, wash, and elution steps create rugged, reliable, and selective protocols.
The bioanalytical community faces unique challenges, such as: the need to maximize sensitivity, increase throughput, and develop new, robust methods that can be transferred to laboratories across the globe.
An aqueous matrix solvent includes biological fluids such as: plasma, serum, urine, and tissue homogenates. Strong acids achieve complete ionization or dissociation in water. If an analyte is 'strong' it will always be charged. An example of a strong acid includes decanesulfonic acid. Strong acids will have a lower pKa than weaker acids.
An aqueous matrix solvent includes biological fluids such as: plasma, serum, urine, and tissue homogenates. The majority of acids are weak acids. Acids do not dissociate completely in water. They are usually not charged at pH < 3 and are ionized at pH> 7. Weak acids will have a higher pKa value than strong acids. Examples of weak acids include ketoprofen and salicylic acid.
An aqueous matrix solvent includes biological fluids such as: plasma, serum, urine, and tissue homogenates. Strong bases achieve a complete dissociation in water and are always charged. Strong bases include valethamate and other quaternary amines.
An aqueous matrix solvent includes biological fluids such as plasma, serum, urine, and tissue homogenates. Weak bases achieve partial dissociation in water. Weak bases are generally positively charged at pH < 3 and are uncharged at pH > 12. Weak bases include codeine, methadone, and amitriptyline.
An aqueous matrix solvent includes biological fluids such as: plasma, serum, urine, and tissue homogenates. Neutral compounds are uncharged or very weakly charged. Examples of neutral compounds include many steroids.
The selective extraction of peptides from other endogenous biological components is one of the most challenging sample preparation tasks. The use of highly selective mixed mode solid phase extraction can help ensure that you extract the peptide with high recovery and low matrix effects.
Forensic toxicology labs are frequently required to perform broad screening techniques on complex biological samples to identify drugs of abuse and other toxicants. The utilization of different sample matrices in routine testing combined with the variety, number and concentration of potential compounds of interest in a sample can present a considerable challenge.
The analysis of natural and synthetic opioid drugs continues to be an important aspect of forensic toxicology. LC-MS/MS allows direct analysis of glucuronide metabolites without hydrolysis that is necessary with GC-MS techniques. Solid phase extraction allows concentration of the analytes of interest, as well as the removal of matrix interferences leading to more accurate results.
Cannabinoids represent a growing challenge for law enforcement agencies and forensic laboratories. Finding new, fast and effective means of analyzing both natural and synthetic cannabinoids requires the successful extraction of a broad range of chemical properties from a variety of matrices.
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) method development starts with knowing the sample matrix or application, the nature and relative concentration of the analytes of interest, and the potentially interfering endogenous compounds. Then, judicious choices of sorbent and solvents for load, wash, and elution steps create rugged, reliable, and selective protocols.
Residues are monitored in food and feed for safety issues in consumption. Pesticides are monitored in the environment mainly to ensure drinking water quality.
These two classes of pesticide compounds are environmentally regulated by the EPA in soil and water. The monitoring these contaminants in food is also important.
Many of these pesticides are illegal for current use and multi-residue screening method may not be the most suitable for the analysis of these compounds in food.
These three classes of pesticide compounds are environmentally regulated by the EPA in soil and water. The monitoring of these compounds is also important in food.
A compound-specific method for this pesticide has garnered interest lately due to potential environmental impact within the bee population.
This class of pesticide compounds is environmentally regulated by the EPA in soil and water. The monitoring of this contaminant is also important in food.
Sulfonamides and Beta-lactams are commonly used as veterinary antibiotics
Laboratories employ multi-residue methods to speed up results and meet regulatory requirements. These methods can be used for general screening or quantitation.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. POPs have been observed to persist in the environment, to bioaccumulate in human tissue, animal tissue, and food chains. They can have a potentially significant impact on human health and the environment. Many of these compounds are endocrine disruptors.
Labs employ multi class methods in order to speed up results and meet regulatory requirements. Can be used for general screening or quantitation.
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are organobromide compounds that have an inhibitory effect on the ignition of combustible organic materials. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are the most common class of BFRs. The impact of BFRs on the environment and their potential risks for animals and humans is a growing concern. Food and water contaminated with flame retardants is a source of exposure.
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are organobromide compounds that have an inhibitory effect on the ignition of combustible organic materials. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are the most common class of BFRs. The impact of BFRs on the environment and their potential risks for animals and humans is a growing concern. Exposure to flame retardants occurs mainly through inhalation or ingestion of dust. Exposure from dermal contact with contaminated soil and dust may also occur.
Fish consumption appears to be a major pathway of exposure. Soil contamination is also important because residues may leach into groundwater or surface water.
Polychlorinated biphenyls were formerly used in as hydraulic fluids, plasticizers, adhesives, fire retardants, and various other uses. Drinking water containing PCBs can affect skin, thymus gland, immune, reproductive, or nervous systems, and may increase the risk of cancer.
Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are worldwide spread, persistent, toxic, and have a bioaccumulative potential. People are exposed through food, water, or from using commercial products. Some PFCs stay in the human body for many years.
Pharmaceuticals /Personal Care Products (PPCPs) include: prescription and over-the counter therapeutic drugs, veterinary drugs, fragrances, cosmetics, sun-screen products, diagnostic agents, and nutraceuticals.
Sources of PPCPs are human activity, residues from pharmaceutical manufacturing, residues from hospitals, illicit drugs, veterinary drug use, especially antibiotics and steroids.
Disinfectant phenolics may impact surface and groundwwater.
Residues are monitored in food and feed for safety issues in consumption. Pesticides are monitored in the environment to ensure drinking water quality.
Veterinary drug residues are monitored in food and feed for safety issues in consumption. These drugs are monitored in the environment mainly to ensure drinking water quality.
Sulfonamides and Beta-lactams are common use veterinary antibiotics.
Steroids are used as the main treatment for certain inflammatory conditions as well as growth regulation.
Fluoroquinolones are antibiotics that are commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat a variety of illnesses such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.
Aminoglycosides are potent bactericidal antibiotic active against aerobic, gram-negative bacteria.
NSAIDs are a class of drugs that provides analgesic (pain-killing) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects, and in higher doses, anti-inflammatory effects.
Macrolides are a class of naturally occurring antibiotics. Their action is primarily bacteriostatic.
The tetracyclines are a group of very broad-spectrum antibiotics. They are all structurally related.
To determine contaminant (i.e. melamine, explosives) levels/traces of diagnosis materials or synthesize drugs (radio isotopes), perform water removal, biomolecule analysis, or air quality control, a large variety of applications are carried out in the industry and medical field.
Removing residual water is critical to facilitate the evaporation process (if required), moreover any residual water in the final extract would be detrimental to good GC performance.
Air sampling for carbonele compounds for compliance with EPA and OSHA regulations.
Testing for explosive analytes in environmental water samples, as per EPA method
An industrial chemical to artificially inflate nitrogen content in foodstuffs, including pet food, infant formula, and milk/milk by-products. Matrix may include foodstuffs, tissue, urine, etc.
Used for the removal of sugar from organic extracts such as QuEChERS.
Many chemical elements have one or more radioactive isotopes, few are naturally occuring, the rest are artificial. Radioactive isotopes have many useful applications (medicine, industry). In medicine, radioisotopes are increasingly being used as a diagnosis tool (immaging). Tracers are radioactive isotopes introduced into the body to study metabolism or other biological processes.