An Automated Compliance-Ready LC-MS Workflow for Intact Mass Confirmation and Purity Analysis of Oligonucleotides

This application note describes a streamlined, compliance-ready workflow for oligonucleotide analysis employing the BioAccord System operating under waters_connect HUB data acquisition and processing software. 

Benefits

• An automated compliance-ready LC-MS workflow for mass confirmation of both modified and unmodified oligonucleotides
  
• An LC-UV assay for purity and relative quantification of oligonucleotide impurities

Oligonucleotide therapeutics have emerged in recent years as a powerful alternative to small molecule and protein therapeutics.¹ Manufacturing and quality control of oligonucleotide therapeutics requires highly selective and sensitive LC-MS methods. The method most often used for mass spectrometrybased oligonucleotide analysis has been reversed-phase chromatography employing a variety of ion-pairing reagents and modifiers in negative ESI-MS mode. Integrated LC-MS workflows for oligonucleotide analysis have been recently implemented on quandrupole and QTof LC-MS platforms.^2-4

The Waters BioAccord System featured in Figure 1 was introduced in 2019 as a compact, robust, and easy-to-use platform for routine biopharmaceutical analysis. Here, we describe a streamlined, compliance-ready workflow for oligonucleotide analysis employing the BioAccord System operating under waters_connect HUB data acquisition and processing software. The fully integrated BioAccord LC-MS System is comprised of an ACQUITY UPLC I-Class PLUS System, an ACQUITY UPLC Tunable Ultraviolet (TUV) Detector and the ESI-Tof-based ACQUITY RDa Mass Detector. All the LC-MS data presented in this application note was acquired in full scan MS mode and was processed in waters_connect, which provided for automated spectral deconvolution and reporting of intact oligonucleotide mass measurement, as well as UV-based purity analysis. Both unmodified and modified oligonucleotides were analyzed using the workflow introduced here.

Reagents and Sample Preparation

Triethylamine (TEA, 99.5% purity, catalog number 65897-50ML) and methanol (LC-MS-grade, catalog number 34966-1L) were obtained from Honeywell (Charlotte, NC), while 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP, 99% purity, catalog number 105228-100G) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO). HPLC-grade deionized (DI) water was purified using a MilliQ system (Millipore, Bedford, MA). Mobile phases were prepared fresh and used on the same day. The MassPREP OST (Oligonucleotide Separation Technology) standard (p/n: 186004135) was dissolved in DI water to prepare a dilution series containing 1 μM, 100 nM, and 10 nM concentrations. The 25-mer, fully phosphorothioated (PPT) oligonucleotide (5'-C*T*C*T*C* G*C*A*C*C* C*A*T*C*T* C*T*C*T*C* C*T*T*C*T*-3') was purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA) and diluted into DI water to prepare a 1-μM solution. A 100-mer oligonucleotide (5'- TGCCA GTTGC AGTTG TTTCC GAGCA GAAAC TCATC TCTGA AGAGG ATCTG GAGCA GAAAC TCATC TCTGA AGAGG ATCTG CACAC GCTGG AGCTG CCGCG-3') was purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies and diluted with DI water to prepare a 1-μM solution. The injection volume was 10 μL for all samples.

LC-MS system: BioAccord incorporating the ACQUITY RDa Mass Detector, ACQUITY UPLC I-Class PLUS and ACQUITY UPLC TUV Detector

As shown in Figure 2, excellent separation of the polyT oligonucleotides and their truncated impurities was achieved on the ACQUITY UPLC OST Column in under eight minutes using the ion-pairing RP conditions listed in the experimental section. Several low-level oligonucleotide impurities were detected in both the UV and the TIC chromatograms, facilitating the assignment of all the truncated oligo species based on their corresponding ESI-MS spectra recorded in negative ion mode. Overall, 26 oligonucleotide components were confirmed in the OST MassPREP standard. The ESI-MS spectra of the five major components present in this sample (dT15, dT20, dT25, dT30, and dT35) are presented in Figure 3A. All spectra display a bimodal distribution for the observed charge states, with the lower charge states (from -3 to -5) and the higher charge states (between -7 and -15) reaching two distinct maxima for each oligo. This spectral feature is typical for ion-pair reversed-phase separations of oligonucleotides and provides a wide mass range (m/z = 600–3000) and a relatively large number of charge states (6–12) for deconvolution. The resolution of the ACQUITY RDa Mass Detector (>10,000) is adequate for resolving the isotopes of the highly charged oligonucleotide ions, as demonstrated in Figure 3B, which shows that the monoisotopic peak of the [M-12H]^-12 charge state of the dT35 oligo can be clearly distinguished. The isotopic resolution of individual charge states helps the BayesSpray deconvolution algorithm5 to produce more accurate mass measurements for the oligonucleotide deconvoluted average masses.

Based on the information collected from the UV chromatogram shown in Figure 2 (using the individual retention times of each oligo component), an automated data processing method was created in waters_connect to perform peak integration of all 26 oligonucleotide components present in the UV chromatogram, in order to calculate the abundance of each oligo species. In addition, the same processing method applied the BayesSpray deconvolution algorithm to the raw ESI-MS spectra of the same components (collected in the TIC trace) to calculate the corresponding accurate average deconvoluted masses. A screenshot from the processed data is shown in Figure 5, which lists the predicted accurate average oligonucleotides masses, the experimentally measured masses, and the corresponding mass accuracy errors. For all analyzed components, regardless of their abundance, the mass accuracy error was less than 15 ppm and the pooled mass accuracy error was 5.3 ppm for all 26 measurements.

A more detailed table summarizing the elemental composition of each oligonucleotide component, its RT, and abundance (%), along with the calculated accurate average deconvoluted mass and the mass error, is presented in Table 1. The results presented in Figure 5 and Table 1 clearly illustrate how the waters_connect workflow can provide fast and accurate results for purity analysis and intact mass confirmation of major oligonucleotides and their impurities.

To illustrate the sensitivity of the oligonucleotide assays performed on the BioAccord LC-MS System, a 100-fold more diluted OST sample (10 nM) was analyzed on the same instrument. The UV and TIC chromatograms for this sample (100 fmoles of five major oligos loaded on-column) are displayed in Figure 5. All five major components are clearly visible in both traces, indicating the ability of the BioAccord System to detect low-level oligonucleotide amounts with both optical and mass spectrometric detection.

Therapeutic oligonucleotides contain a natural DNA/RNA sequence that is often chemically modified in order to resist degradation by naturally occurring nucleases. There are three major types of chemical modifications, including backbone, sugar, and nucleobase modifications. While therapeutic oligos are mostly modified on the backbone and sugar moieties, the nucleobase modification is the preferred choice for oligonucleotides used in molecular diagnostics. One of the first introduced backbone modifications involves the replacement of an oxygen atom with sulfur in the phosphate backbone to produce a phosphorothioated (PPT) oligonucleotide. This type of molecule requires a unique isotopic model for charge deconvolution in order to obtain accurate average mass. The PPT oligo isotopic model takes into account the natural abundances of the sulfur isotopes. To demonstrate the intact mass analysis of PPT oligos, a 25-mer fully phosphorothioated oligo (with the sequence 5'-C*T*C*T*C* G*C*A*C*C* C*A*T*C*T* C*T*C*T*C* C*T*T*C*T*-3') was analyzed on the BioAccord System using the same experimental conditions as the analysis of the OST oligonucleotides. The UV and TIC traces recorded for this oligo are displayed in Figure 6A. The accurate average mass of this oligo is 7,776.3314 Da, as calculated based on its elemental composition of C₂₃₇ H₃₁₀ N₇₂ O₁₃₁ P₂₄ S₂₄. The ESI-MS spectrum of the 25-mer PPT oligo (shown in Figure 6B) was charge deconvoluted using BayesSpray and the PPT oligonucleotides isotopic model from waters_connect, and the deconvoluted mass was compared with the predicted accurate average mass.

As indicated in the screenshot captured from the waters_connect report, presented as an inset in Figure 6B, the mass error for this measurement was 1.5 ppm. Clearly, accurate mass measurements can be achieved on the BioAccord System when using the PPT oligo isotopic model for deconvolution of phosphorothioates.

The analysis of larger oligonucleotides, typically used in CRISPR applications, is described in the next experiment. A 100-mer oligonucleotide with the sequence 5'- TGCCA GTTGC AGTTG TTTCC GAGCA GAAAC TCATC TCTGA AGAGG ATCTG GAGCA GAAAC TCATC TCTGA AGAGG ATCTG CACAC GCTGG AGCTG CCGCG-3' was analyzed on the BioAccord System using a modified 10-min gradient starting at 35% and ending at 45% Eluent B (3.5 mM TEA, 40 mM HFIP in 50% methanol). The corresponding UV and TIC chromatograms from Figure 7A indicate the presence of a major oligonucleotide eluting at 6.9 min.

According to the elemental composition of this 100-mer (C₉₇₅ H₁₂₂₃ N₃₈₄ O₅₉₅ P₉₉), the calculated accurate average mass is 30,907.7613 Da. The ESI-MS spectrum of this oligo (displayed in Figure 7B) was automatically deconvoluted using the BayesSpray charge deconvolution algorithm from waters_connect and the experimentally measured deconvoluted mass was 26.9 ppm off from the expected mass, as indicated in the screenshot from Figure 7B. This result demonstrates the ability of the BioAccord System to provide highly accurate mass confirmation results even for large oligonucleotides (>100 oligomers).

Using the workflow described here, the BioAccord LC-MS System enables users to perform rapid and accurate intact mass confirmation as well as purity analysis for a variety of modified and unmodified oligonucleotides.

• A waters_connect workflow is shown to provide good mass accuracy (5–15 ppm) for intact mass confirmation of oligonucleotides of various lengths (10–35 mers), as well as phosphorothioated oligos.
  
• In addition, the automated processing method that was developed provides purity information for all the oligo sample components that are separated by ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography.
  
• This automated, compliance-ready LC-MS workflow provides for a robust, easy-to-use solution for fast mass confirmation and purity analysis of oligonucleotides

1. Sharma, V.K., Watts J.K. Oligonucleotide therapeutics: Chemistry, delivery and clinical progress. Future Med Chem, 2015, 7(16), 2221–2242.
   
2. Birdsall, R. et al. High-throughput screening of Oligonucleotides for Identity and Purity Assignment Using the ACQUITY QDa Detector and ProMass for MassLynx. Waters Application Note, 720005681, 2016.
   
3. Birdsall, R. et al. Adding Mass Detection to Synthetic Oligonucleotide Analysis with the ACQUITY QDa Detector. Waters Application Note, 720005632, 2016.
   
4. Shion, H. et al. Developing a Novel, Integrated LC-MS Workflow for High-resolution Monitoring and characterization of Oligonucleotides. Waters Application Note, 720005821, 2016.
   
5. Skilling, J. et al. Beyond MaxEnt Deconvolution: Increasing the Fidelity and Universal Applicability of Mass Spectral Deconvolution Routines for Biomolecules with the Application of Bayesian Probability Theory, poster presented at the PAMS Conference (Practical Applications of Mass Spectrometry in the Biopharmaceutical Industry), 2010, 720003756.